Dogs communicate through body language, vocalizations, and scent. Some common ways that dogs communicate through body language include:
Wagging their tail: This can indicate that a dog is happy or excited.
Ears back: This can indicate that a dog is feeling submissive or fearful.
Ears perked up: This can indicate that a dog is alert or attentive.
Barking: This can indicate that a dog is trying to alert their owner to something or communicating a desire or need.
Growling: This can indicate that a dog is feeling threatened or aggressive.
Dogs also use vocalizations to communicate. For example, a dog may whine to signal that they are hungry or want attention, or they may bark to alert their owner to danger.
Finally, dogs also communicate through scent. They have scent glands on their paws and face and will often leave their scent on objects or territory to mark it as their own.